Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities Essays

Impact of peripheral and assimilation costing mething and their likenesses Essays Impact of minor and retention costing mething and their likenesses Essay Impact of minor and retention costing mething and their likenesses Essay Impact OF MARGINAL A ; ABSORPTION COSTING Fringy expense is on a very basic level a bit of variable cost, which incorporates the immediate work, Direct Material and Direct Expenses. Fringy expense ought to be characterized as the bookkeeping framework where variable framework ought to be charged to the expense of units and the fixed expense for the time of clasp which is to the full aggregative part. Its specific worth is in assurance formulating. Fringy cost = Variable cost + Variable Overhead The fringy expense is candid with the volume of creation and fringy expense per unit is the equivalent, which comprise head cost that is cost of direct work, stuff and other variable working cost. It will be consolidate the fixed expense. The fringy expense is the cost which has been caused to deliver an abundance unit of creation is called fringy expense. Model In the event that an association has produce 1000 unit at cost of ? 20,000 Where as though the expansion in 1 unit for example 1001 unit and cost would be ? 20200 At that point MARGINAL COST would be ? 200. Points of interest OF MARGINAL COST Fringy expense is on a very basic level have a favorable circumstances of the cost control all things considered encouraged to staying away from the fixed working cost and focused on to the keeping the steady of fringy cost utile to arranged degrees of bearing. It is on a very basic level assistance to comprehend to the variable expense and fixed expenses. It other than shows the connection between the cost, financial worth and their volumes. The fringy expense would be help to the transient overall gain arranging by the interference even diagrams and total compensation chart, and help to the bearing assurance. With the fringy cost organization can obtain maximal come back to the worry. The impacts of the creation and gross incomes strategies are all the more unmistakably observed and comprehend with the fringy expense. Burden There are sure burdens would be related with the minimal costs which are as under. It is extremely difficult to isolate to comprehend the all the cost which are on a very basic level misleading the outcome. It ought to be disregarded the fixed cost, which show diverse picture at the clasp. The activity is that the over or under the overhead expense is distributed on assessed balance and non on the existent. The clasp factor is other than play a basic capacity where open introduction between two period will deliver beguiling outcomes. Retention Costing Retention cost implies the cost which incorporates all the creation costs which are consumed by the unit of green merchandise. On the different manus, the expense of a completed unit in stock rundown will incorporate direct stuff, work and all the variable expense and fixed manufacture working cost. Retention costing is diverged from variable costing or direct costing with the other creation working cost. Focal points OF ABSORPTION COSTING In absorbing costing will making a trip to incorporate all the cost which are identified with the worry exercises like fixed cost, variable expense and creation cost. This expense is other than utilized for the preparing of the financial narratives when the creation of the organization ought to be stays constant yet deal would be change. Drawbacks OF ABSORPTION COSTING The drawbacks of the absorbing bing would be stressed on the whole expense for example variable and fixed expense. It is non utile the bearing for the conceiving assurance about the arranging and controlling. A representation show that distinction between fringy cost and absorbing expense. XYZ Ltd. is being begun their activity in 2008. There is sure data accessible for May 2008 to July 2008 about the organization s creation. To figure fringy and absorbing expense. Points of interest ? Selling money related qualities per Unit of estimations 100 Direct Labor Per Units 20 Direct Material per Unit 10 Fixed Factory Overhead Per Months 30000 Variable Factory Overhead per Unit of estimations 5 Fixed Selling Operating costs 1000 Variable selling Overhead per Unit of estimations 4 Planned exercises which was relied upon that 2000 units to be every month green merchandise and sold for every month were as per the following MAY June July Unit of estimation SOLD 1000 800 1300 Unit of estimation PRODUCE 1000 1300 1000 Minimal COST Specific MAY June July Net saless 100000 80000 1100000 Lupus erythematosuss: Variable Cost of Goods sold ( ? 35 ) 35000 28000 385500 Item CONTRIBUTION MARGIN 65000 52000 71500 Lupus erythematosuss: Variable Selling Operating cost 4000 3200 4400 Whole CONTRIBUTION MARGIN 61000 48800 67100 Lupus erythematosuss: Fixed factory Overhead 30000 30000 30000 Fixed Selling Operating costs 1000 1000 1000 Net salary 30000 32800 30100 Assimilation Cost Specific MAY June July Net saless 100000 80000 1100000 LESS: Cost of Goods sold ( ?65 ) 65000 52000 71500 A A 28000 38500 A lack of ability to concentrate consistently clutter: Absorption of factory working cost 9000 - 3000 Net pay 35000 37000 35500 Lupus erythematosuss: Fixed Selling Operating cost 1000 1000 1000 Variable Selling Operating cost 4000 3200 4400 Net pay 30000 32800 30100 Negligible COST Vs ABSORPTION COST In the wake of using the two procedures we had seen that the net total compensation would non be same at each clasp on account of following ground. Over and Under Absorption overhead expense In absorbing costing, fixed working cost can neer consumed unequivocally in light of difficulty in figuring cost and volume of finished result. On the off chance that these equalization of under or over hostage as a result of costing total compensation and deficit history, the existent entirety brought about is non appeared in it, though fringy costing is truly fixed overhead acquired in altogether charged against part which will be some distinction in net overall gains. Contrast in Stock Valuation In fringy costing work in progression and completed stock are esteemed at fringy expense however in absorbing cost it is determined as creation cost, and that is the ground total compensation will be extraordinary A large number of clasp absorbing expense and fringy cost outcome would be find as Ingestion costing total compensation = Marginal costing net gain Ingestion costing total compensation gt ; Marginal costing net gain Ingestion costing total compensation lt ; Marginal costing net gain

Keyur P. Biology...Science Rasmussens Encephalitis The Human Immune Sy

Keyur P. Biology...Science Rasmussen's Encephalitis The human insusceptible framework is a stunning framework that is continually on the alarm shielding us from infections. A huge number of white platelets travel in our circulatory framework pulverizing every single remote substance that could make hurt our body or to any of the a huge number of procedures going on inside. Presently envision a condition where this amazing framework betrays the most perplexing organ in the human body, the mind. Lethal all things considered, this condition is known as Rasmussen's encephalitis. The significant research on Rasmussen's encephalitis was started (inadvertently) by Scott Rogers and Lorise Gahring, two nervous system specialists, who were at the time estimating the dispersion of glutamate receptors in the cerebrum. Later on when progressively provocative data was discovered they enrolled the assistance of James McNamara and Ian Andrews, epilepsy specialists at Duke University Medical Center. The subtleties on Rasmussen's encephalitis were disheartening when the men started their exploration. Every one of that was known is that Rasmussen's encephalitis was a degenerative infection of the cerebrum that caused seizures, hemiparesis, and dementia regularly in the initial ten years of life. The seizures that were brought about by Rasmussen's encephalitis were relentless by typical enemy of seizure drugs utilized traditionally. What the most noticeably terrible piece of the sickness was that the pathogenesis for it were not known and much more dreadful was the manner by which it created. The main intimation was conveyed when Rogers and Gahring were attempting to enlist the dispersion of the glutamate receptors utilizing antibodies, that tag on to the receptor itself. The proteins that make up the glutamate receptors(GluR) are just found inside the blood mind barrier(BBB). Glutamate and a couple of related amino acids are the predominant type of excitatory synapse in the focal sensory system of well evolved creatures. On the off chance that one of these GluRs happens to meander into the genuine circulatory system, that is outside the BBB, it would be viewed as an untouchable and pulverized right away. So on the off chance that these GluRs were placed into the typical circulation system, at that point the safe framework would deliver antibodies which could then be utilized in the scanning for the glutamate receptors. So as to test this hypothesis the scientists infused the GluRs into the circulation system of an ordinary solid hare planning to create great outcomes. Now the trial took an emotional turn, subsequent to accepting a couple of portions of the protein two of the three bunnies started to jerk, as if they were enduring the torment of an epileptic seizure. Presently the assistance of McNamara and Andrews was enrolled. When McNamara and Andrews inspected the cerebrum tissue of the hares, they saw what appeared to be a natural incendiary example, bu nches of invulnerable cells all around veins. This portrayal precisely coordinated the depiction of people experiencing Rasmussen's encephalitis, additionally something as this could never be found in a sound mind. A solid cerebrum has its blood vessels encased in the BBB film, so such a case as the one referenced above would not be conceivable. As defensive as the BBB may be, it tends to be penetrated by something like a head injury. What was occurring was that the antibodies which were out to get the GluR proteins were by one way or another finding a route into the mind and coordinating an assault towards all GluR receptor proteins in the cerebrum itself. After some more assessments Rogers and McNamara concluded that these assaults were the reason for the seizures that are regularly experienced by victims of Ramussen's encephalitis. At that point if the case is of antibodies in the circulation system, than victims of Ramussen's encephalitis ought to have them in their circulatory system and sound typical people groups shouldn't. At the point when this was really tried the outcomes were sure that Rasmussen victims had these antibodies in their circulatory systems and solid individuals didn't. These were the correct sort of antibodies as well as, the very antibodies that caused the seizures in individuals and bunnies. In this way when these antibodies were expelled by plasma exchange(PEX) it caused a brief alleviation from the seizures yet soon the body begins making more antibodies of the sort and the seizures start indeed. After all the assessments two inquiries remained, for what reason does the body mount a safe reaction against one of its own mind proteins,

I Love Writing Essays - How to Write a Personal Essay

I Love Writing Essays - How to Write a Personal EssayA lot of writers have come to the realization that I love writing essays. It is a luxury that has been one of the few perks they have gotten from their careers. It is a kind of feeling that writers all over the world have a desire to share with the world in the form of written words.Writing a personal essay can be such a joy and a dream come true. With each word, the writer can feel like he or she is making history. Every single sentence and paragraph will be remembered forever in the annals of history. It is not so rare for some people to forget what he or she had written, only to find himself or herself doing it all over again in the future.The essay can be a masterpiece. When you write an essay well, you can convey your message through the written words. You can become an authority in your field or niche. Even in the field of finance and business, writers who have crafted masterpieces through their essay writing and research ski lls have become experts in their respective fields.Because writing is what people do, it has also been a way to express opinions and thoughts. Every reader can relate to what you are saying and think about your words in that personal way. They get to know your feelings and what you mean to them. When you write a personal essay, you can express whatever is on your mind, no matter how much you might be upset about it.A very popular essay among writers is the business related essay. Essays are one of the most needed things to survive in business. People need to express their opinions and they need to be heard. If you want to be a businessman, it is important that you understand how to write an essay that will help your readers figure out what your true concern is.Readers are in the business and if you are able to communicate with them well, they will respect you as well. In addition, the style and layout of your essay can express how you feel about a particular topic. Your writing is v ery important, even if you can't say everything in your essay.You can use a pen name for yourself and write your essay under a pen name and do not reveal your author's name. It will show your intelligence and make your readers think you are one of the most intelligent people in the world. This way, your essays can help you realize you are smarter than you actually are.A lot of writers have expressed a desire to use their writings as a form of a personal essay. If you write a personal essay well, you can make people feel something special when they read your words. And because they will feel something special, they will remember you for a long time to come.

Contract Management - 1251 Words

Contract Risk and Opportunities Richard S. Stainback Jr. LAW/531 June 27, 2011 Ben Waggoner Contract Risk and Opportunities Clarity of contract is an essential element to creating a workable and executable agreement. C-S and Span entered into a business contract that was ambiguous from the start. It used words like â€Å"ordinary† in terms of production. Terms like this are often up to interpretation and can be the failing point of an agreement. Legal Issues Present Breach of Contract under â€Å"Internal Escalation Procedure for Dispute†- C-S has failed to follow the agreed upon dispute resolution process in regards to the delays and quality concerns. C-S has tentatively threatened to terminate the contract in light of product delays†¦show more content†¦Management Responsibility (Span) – Span should revisit internal processes to see if there is a process that is slowing delivery of products to C-S. After the internal audit of processes the project management team should reach out to C-S and ask the same be done to ensure there are not any procedural delays present. Management Responsibility (C-S) – They should also internally audit there processes in regards to this project to ensure that the new management is onboard and understands the particulars of their responsibility to this project. Breach of Contract under substantial performance of contract- This measure allows for neither party to rescind the contract past 50% completion. While at the 60% point in the contract, Span has only delivered on 40% of its responsibility to C-S. It is understood that the delays are caused in part by both companies. This point is not a valid defense for Span and should be avoided in communication with C-S. Management Responsibility (Span) – Span needs to assign more manpower to this project to keep with the timeline. Management Responsibility (C-S) – C-S needs to express the concerns more effectively to Span and accept some responsibility due to the amount of changes requested. Dispute Resolution Methods Arbitration and Mediation- This method could be used by Span and C-S to resolve the contract dispute. It is less costly than traditional litigation. However this method does notShow MoreRelatedContract Creation and Management1199 Words   |  5 PagesContract Creation and Manage Law 531 Contract Creation and Management After completion of the Contract Creation and Management simulation the following legal issues were noted. There were problems with this contract from the beginning because the specifics of the contract were ambiguous from the start. The companies involved developed a contractual relationship by evidence of an offer, acceptance of the offer and valid and legal consideration, which in this case is money for services renderedRead MoreIntroduction to Contract Management1025 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION TO CONTRACT MANAGEMENT A contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between or among them. The elements of a contract are offer and acceptance by competent persons having legal capacity who exchanges consideration to create mutuality of obligation. i.e. 1. Offer and Acceptance 2. Competent Persons 3. Consideration 4. Mutual Obligation 5. LawfulRead MoreContract Creation and Management - Nature of Agency1615 Words   |  7 PagesContract Creation and Management - Nature of Agency LAW 531 June 18, 2012 Contract Creation and Management - Nature of Agency Successful contract creation is essential for two or more different parties to conduct business. A contract needs to be full of specifics and lacking in ambiguity, otherwise interpretations, based on needs and experience, can and will be made by both sides. One such area of potential ambiguity in a contract is that of agency. Agency is a relationship where a principalRead MorePricing and Financial Management of Contracts968 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal meeting. 2. You are also concerned that the Government did not obtain the greatest possible discount on sales over 1,000 total units. As a buyer, what can you do? It is too late to get request discounts after contract award or completion. That needed to be negotiated before contract award. The buyer can prepare himself better for any future negotiations to ensure the best value for the government. If defective pricing is suspected then that needs to be confirmed and corrective actions pursuedRead MoreContract Creation and Management Simulation1268 Words   |  6 PagesContract Creation and Management Simulation William University of Cincinnati Legal Environment of Business Judge Jim P. Ponder July 2, 2000 Contract Creation and Management Simulation The simulation begins in the middle of a major dispute between a software-developing company, Span Systems, and one of its customers, Citizen-Schwartz AG (C-S), a large German bank. The two companies are in dispute over the quality and timeliness of deliverables. There have been major bugs found by C-S duringRead MoreManagement Contract1009 Words   |  5 Pagesdisadvantages of management contract to both the hotel owner and the management company? The advantage of the management contract is: The management contract incurs minimum risk to the company as compared to sole ownership and joint-venture development since the management company has little or minimal equity invested in the hotel. The hotel management company only assigns a group of professional managers to operate the property for the owner. If political crisis occurs, the management company canRead MoreThe Contract And Procurement Management Process1067 Words   |  5 Pages Student ID: UIT 07415 Assessment 1 1.Describe the Contract and procurement management framework as applied to project management ? The project procurement management processes includes : 1.plan purchases and acquisitions – determining what to purchase or acquire and determining when and how . 2.plan contracting –documenting products , services and results requirementsRead MoreThe Effects Of Psychological Contract On The Human Resource Management Discipline1047 Words   |  5 Pages The psychological contract describes the relationship between employer and employee in terms of the unwritten, informal and implicit expectations that exist in the workplace (D’Annunzio-Green Francis, 2005). There are vast amounts of literature surrounding the psychological contract and its many impacts on the Human Resource Management discipline (Cullinane Dundon, 2006). It is suggested that the formation of the psychological contract begins in the recruitment process (Rousseau, 1990), andRead MoreContract Creation and Management Simulation2659 Words   |  11 Pagesrenegotiate contracts rather than go to court to have the contracts enforced. A court remedy breach of contract can be lengthy, costly, and in the end no one wins. Companies such as Span Systems and Citizen-Schwarz (C-S) should have a clear understanding of contract laws, as well renegotiation practices designed to remedy breach of contract. Both parties are obligated to fulfill each part of the agreement, an d failure to meet the terms of the contract by law can be consider a breach of contract. ThisRead MoreContract Creation And Management Essay1891 Words   |  8 Pages The contract between Span and C-S is a legal valid contract with all the elements essential in making it binding and enforceable. An offer was presented containing a specific promise and a specific demand a consideration of valuables by C-S to pay $6 million to Span for providing them the software, the offer has been accepted by written agreement. Once the production of services was implemented, there were concerns and problems that arise that could not be resolved because the contract terminology

English Language Learning Basics

The Black Death Of India And The Peasant s Revolt

Introduction This report will examine the causes and affects of the Black Death in India and the Peasant’s Revolt in England, during the medieval period lasting from the 5th century to the 15th century (500-1500s). Throughout the report, information will include significant individuals involved or affected by the event, a significant occurrence during each event, and finally the interconnections that can be established between the Peasant’s Revolt and Black Death. The Black Death The Black Death is said to be the worst catastrophe ever recorded throughout the medieval period. It was a slow and grim way to die as it caused throbbing fever and painful swelling of the lymph glands called buboes (Black spots) that develops when you†¦show more content†¦There is no recorded evidence of the Black Death affecting India during the 14th century. Instead it has been said to start later in India around the 17th century. The plagues normal biome is semi arid grassland and therefore the plague has evidently avoided India, which consisted of tropical rainforest biomes. This is why the first ‘hit’ of the disease has been said to pass India but come back later because of trade routes constantly moving back and forth. Impacts of the Black Death in India During the middle ages the Black Death did not affect India dramatically or create any large complications. From numerous sources, only a few hundred people died throughout the whole medieval period from the plague in India. Even if there were small outbreaks, there is not enough recorded evidence of population decline in India. Although there weren’t many incidents, emperors were still alert of the plague. The first documented account was in 1644 however this is no longer in the medieval period. Emperor Jahangir There is no documented evidence of anyone in truth dying or affected by the plague during the middle ages, although there is definitely evidence of India being affected later. Emperor Jahangir in Hindustan, India in 1616 had heard rumours of the plaque killing seventeen people on a trade route just outside of the Indian borders. He visited the scene of the bodies and found buboes on the bodies reassuring that the virus was contracted by the pneumonic plague.Show MoreRelatedGandhi Movie Analysis1085 Words   |  5 Pagescampaign for the rights of all Indians in South Africa. After numerous arrests and the unwanted attention of the world, the government finally relents by recognizing rights for Indians, though not for the native blacks of South Africa. After this victory, Gandhi is invited back to India, where he is now considered something of a national hero. He is urged to take up the fight for Indias independence from the British Empire. Gandhi agrees, and mounts a non-violent non- cooperation campaign of unprecedentedRead Moreworld around 16001690 Words   |  7 Pagestechnologically and scientifically. However these three empires collapsed due to invasions and revolts, whereas Europe, in the Middle Ages was secular, dominated by the church and the land owning nobility, whereas Europe grew in strength once the merchant class became dominant and weakening the power of the church. The merchant driven quest for new markets eventually led the colonization of Africa, China and India. Ming China had a strong civil based government within an advanced society. Mandarins ruledRead More Greece Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesapart. An example is when a revolution occurs. In this case, peasants rebelled against the military rulers. It is believed that the Mycenaean’s were very strong in their armed forces, and that probably caused their own destruction. Things became unruly. People were just trying to survive. They lived in smaller communities and farmed for themselves. The population growth slowed down to probably its lowest levels. Sometime around 800’s B.C., things began to change again. Things were starting to getRead MoreApush Ch. 4 Notes2475 Words   |  10 Pageson finding a wise choice mate falling in love was not a luxury they could afford when married, the wife gives up her land and personal property to her husband after his death, she receives her dower right- the right to use but not sell a third of the familys estate. Widows death or remarriage cancels this right and property given to the children fathers cultural duty to provide inheritances to children. Failure to do so, he loses his status usually familyRead MoreThe Capitol And Administrative Center Of Darius Massive Empire2518 Words   |  11 PagesQanat pg. 164 Underground canals that allowed for water to pass through anywhere safely Significance- These brought increased agriculture, which in turn allowed for mass population expansion. 5. Seleucids pg. 166 One of the empires created after the death of Alexander by on of his three commanders Seleucus lasted roughly 200 years. Significance- Whilst never truly being united again it shows the worst outcome of Alexanders empire. 6. Cavalry pg. 167 Troops on horse mount, usually armed with bows andRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Japanese War3355 Words   |  14 Pagescoal reserves contained within the archipelago. Webster speaking in confidence eloquently stated, â€Å"God had placed coal in the depths of the Japanese islands for the benefit of the human family.† On July 8, 1853 Commodore Mathew Perry sailed his Black Ships into Edo (Tokyo) Bay and presented a letter written by President Fillmore and addressed to Emperor Komei. He informed the Japanese delegation that he would return in one year to receive the Emperors reply. The Japanese daimyo were unsure howRead MoreA World Lit Only by Fire Outline Essay8153 Words   |  33 Pagesdestroyed. b. The fall of Rome caused the destruction of other parts of eastern Europe. 5. For forty generations, Rome suffered. C. Life and Conditions in the Dark Ages 1. Famine and plagues thinned population. a. Black Plague especially brought death throughout the continent. 2. Floods caused by climactic changes brought major disasters. a. Empire’s drainage system had fallen apart. 3. Roads besides those built by the Romans and harbors were in disrepair. a. HarborsRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 PagesVladimir Ilyich Lenin Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'€ ИÐ »Ã'Å'Ð ¸Ã'‡ ЛÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ½ | | Lenin in 1920 | Chairman of the Council of People s Commissars of the Soviet Union (Premier of the Soviet Union) | In office 30 December 1922  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924 | Preceded by | Position created | Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov | Chairman of the Council of People s Commissars of the Russian SFSR | In office 8 November 1917  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924 | Preceded by | Position created | Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov | Member of the PolitburoRead MoreFreedom Fighters of India11786 Words   |  48 PagesFreedom Fighters of India Vallabhbhai Patel His brave deeds earned Vallabhbhai Patel the title of the iron man of India. For his role in the Bardoli Satyagraha, Patel came to be called the Sardar. Sardar Patel was a famous lawyer but gave up his practice in order to fight for the freedom of the country. After independence he became the deputy PM of India and played an important role the integration of India by merging numerous princely states with the Indian Union.   Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bal GangadharRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 PagesHandbook of Economic Growth edited by Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf. We thank the editors for their patience and Leopoldo Fergusson, Pablo Querubà ­n and Barry Weingast for their helpful suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.  ©2004 by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided

The Hunger Games free essay sample

The movie Hunger Games is taken place after the apocalypse in North America. Hunger Games is about a violent game between the girls and boys between the ages of twelve and eighteen years old who are forced to enter their name in the system so it can be drawn like the lottery tickets. Their name is chosen randomly like the lottery number, once their name is drawn they have to go and represent the district where they are from and thrown into one big arena and forced to fght each other in order to survive. The capitol has the control all over the districts and restricted their freedom. The rich who lives at the capitol anticipates this game for every year because they see this as the form of televised entertainment, while the poor who live over at the twelve districts dreads it, because they know they have small chance of surviving the game. When sixteen years old Katniss Everdeen of District 12 steps forward to take her sister’s place, whose name was unexpectedly drawn from the thousands of possibilities, she sees it as a death sentence. The other tribute from District 12 is Peeta Mellurk, a baker’s son who saved her family’s life by simultaneously giving her two loaves of bread when her dad died from a mine explosion. All of them know that the odds may not be in their favor. Katniss and Peeta board an extravagant train to the Capitol of Panem. Peeta and Katniss are assigned personal stylists and groomers to design and present them to the audience at live feed. They are treated luxuriously on their journey towards the mysterious arena where a grueling competition will be held. District 12 victors Haymitch and their escort named Effie act as their guardians, who are responsible to teach them strategies for the Game and the public appearances to gain sponsors. The tributes were trained professionally in a short time period and they were interviewed and publically displayed to the Capitol audience as a sacrifice for their entertainment. In a twist of event, Peeta charms the audience by revealing on-air his long time unrequited love for Katniss. As is Gale, a good-looking and strong boy from District 12 who has a strong bond with Katniss, since they hunt together to be able to put food on their tables after both their father died in a mine explosion. Katniss believes this to be a ploy to gain audience support for the Games, which can be crucial for survival, as audience members are permitted to send gifts such as food and medicine to favored tributes during the Games. Ladies and Gentlemen, Let the seventy-fourth Hunger Games begin! † Twenty-four tributes lifted into the dangerous artificial landscape arena with only Sixty seconds to plan a strategy to the finally exposed new arena, before the sound of a gong releases them for their first battle. Sixty seconds to take in the ring of tributes equidistant from the Cornucopia, a giant golden horn-shaped like a cone with a curved tail, the mouth that are spilled wit h food, containers of water, weapons, medicine, garments, fire starters; things that gives life for them in the arena. Haymitch instructions to Peeta and Katniss is to bypass the items, run as far as possible to gain distance from the other tributes and find a clean water source. Instead Katniss grabs a backpack full of supplies, narrowly avoiding death by using it as a shield, and clears out into the woods. Every night, the death of a tribute is signified by a cannon shot followed by the country’s anthem. After the chaos at the cornucopia, eleven releases of the cannon shots ring out. Katniss relies on her well-practiced hunting and outdoor skills to survive along with her extraordinary talent with bows. As the games continue, the tribute death toll increases, bit both Katniss and Peeta are able to survive. In between, Katniss had gained a true friendship that had come and gone, Suzanne’s skillful words twinge my heart with a mixture of sweet and sour; giving out agonized cries. â€Å"You don’t have much competition anywhere† Supposedly due to Katniss and Peeta’s beloved image in the minds of the enthusiastic audience as â€Å"Star-crossed lovers†, a rule change is announced midway through the games, stating that two tributes from the same districts can win the Hunger Games as a pair. Upon hearing this, Katniss immediately searched for Peeta in desperation. Eventually she found Peeta, who has been severely wounded. She nurses him back to health in the cost of a near-death experience and plays up their love affair to the cameras, covering him with kisses, in the hopes that sponsors will send them beneficial items. Peeta lovingly returns her affection. It becomes clear that Peeta’s confession during the interview was not a ploy, as he was indulged in happiness thinking that Katniss are also in love with him. Shoot me and he goes down with me† â€Å"He’s right. If I take him out and he falls to the mutts, Peeta is sure to dies with him. We’ve reached a stalemate. I can’t shoot Cato without killing Peeta; too†¦we stand like statues both seeking an out. † Counting down by the cannon shots, Peeta and Katniss are the final three tributes along with a muscular and fierce boy from District One. A bloody and intense battle was f ought with some help from the Gamemarkers sending in mutations with the eyes of the dead tributes. My last arrow’s in your tourniquet† â€Å"Make it count† When the couple are finally the last two tributes, the Gamemarkers suddenly reverse the rule change and try to force them into a dramatic finale where one must kill the other to win. Instead, they both threaten suicide by means of poisonous berries in hope that the Gamemarkers would rather have two winners than none. It works, and both Katniss and Peeta are declared winners of the seventy-fourth Hunger Games. â€Å"It was all for the Games, how you acted† â€Å"Not all of it† â€Å"Then how much? I guess the real question is what’s going to be left when we get home? † Later, Katniss confesses to Peeta that the emotions she showed to him during the Games were a sympathy ploy to earn them sponsors for their survival. Peeta is genuinely in love with Katniss and is shattered by her admission, since he believed she was in love as well. Katniss is struggling with how she feels towards Peeta, and torn for her feelings towards Gale. A betrayed Peeta and a devastated Katniss prepare to go on a tour to show their love to the world. In addition, Haymitch warned that The Capitol is furious about their mutual defiance at the Hunger Games by defeating the rules when the Hunger Games are their weapon†¦ â€Å"And right now, the most dangerous part of the Hunger Games is about to begin. † PART TWO: a character that I liked/disliked. Why? Character: Cinna, Katniss’s personal stylist and friend. â€Å"The door opens and a young man who must be Cinna enter†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦close-cropped hair in its natural shade of brown, he’s in a simple black shirt and trousers. The only concession to self-alteration seems to be metallic gold eyeliner that has been applied with a light hand. It brings out the flecks of gold in his green eyes. And, despite my disgust with the Capitol and their hideous fashions, I can’t help thinking how attractive it looks. A character that I really liked in ‘The Hunger Games’ by Suzanne Collins is Cinna, Katniss’s personal stylist and devoted friend. Katniss first meet Cinna at The Capitol for the seventy-fourth Hunger Games. Throughout the whole story in the first novel of the stunning Trilogy ‘The Hunger Games’, Cinna has completely won me over by his exotic and creative sense of fashion, which was humbly displayed in the costumes that he had designed for Katniss during her public appearances. In Katniss’s first appearance at the opening ceremony of the Games, Cinna had designed a sensational and ingenious costume other than skimpy outfits and black dust to represent their district’s principle industry, which is coal. The outfit is a simple black unitard that covers Katniss from ankle to neck, and shiny leather boots lace up to her knees. Fluttering cape made of streams of orange, yellow and red and matching headpiece that define the costume. But what made it utterly unforgettable is the synthetic fire that was lit on both Peeta’s and Katniss’s complementary costume’s headpiece. â€Å"In the deepening twilight, the firelight illuminates our faces. We seem to be leaving a trail of fire off the flowing capes. Cinna engraved Katniss in every audience’s mind; he made Katniss impossible to forget. â€Å"Not my look, not my name. Katniss. The girl on fire. † Cinna is oddly different from the Capitol’s fashion and accent; the capitol people are described as â€Å"oddly colored birds† and â€Å"are so dyed, stenciled and surgically altered they’re grotesque. † But Cinna is world apart from that, â€Å"I’m taken back how normal he look s†¦and, despite my disgust with the Capitol and their hideous fashion, I can’t help thinking how attractive it looks. His voice somewhat lacking in the Capitol’s affectations of speaking in a high pitch, odd vowels, clipped words and always a hiss of the letter s. Even though, this is the main reason, this is why I perfectly and entirely admire him. As Katniss’s stylist, Cinna doesn’t treat her as a piece of meat, but as a human being that has been chosen to suffer in such an inhumane event. Cinna is very supportive and is always there for Katniss, he took her icy hands in his own warm ones and gently said, â€Å"Remember, they already love you†¦just be yourself†. I am constantly amazed at how normal and thoughtful he is compared to the rest of the Capitol people, Cinna doesn’t ask for the best district, instead he choose District twelve who is least desirable district. Cinna has gained both Peeta and Katniss’s respect and love, and he always put his best effort to make her look exceptional. Compared to the yelling and cheering Capitol audience, Cinna doesn’t celebrate the Hunger Games or their pain, doesn’t see the tributes as a worthless piece in their Games. Instead he said, â€Å"How despicable we must seem to you†. On the day that Katniss entered the arena, Cinna pulls the gold mocking jay pin from his pocket that Katniss has completely forgotten about. And before she prepares to launch into the arena, Cinna gave her comfort and the most valuable support that anyone had given. â€Å"I shake my head but after a moment I hold out my hand to him. Cinna encloses it in both of his† his simple action completely wiped out any doubts of Cinna’s differentia, and his humane feelings towards the inhumanity purpose of the Games. To him, the Games is not an entertainment, but as a torturous and tragically event. â€Å"And remember this. I’m not allowed to bet, but if I could, my money would be on you. † â€Å"Truly? † â€Å"Truly,† says Cinna. He leans down and kisses me on my forehead. â€Å"Good luck, girl on fire. † In the next two books of the Trilogy â€Å"Catching fire† and â€Å"Mockingjay†, Cinna had sacrificed himself for the rebellion and also for its symbol, the Mockingjay, who is Katniss. He designed a rebel’s uniform and wrote on his last gift to Katniss, â€Å"I’m still betting on you†. PART THREE: an idea that interesting and made an impression on you. Why? Suzanne Collins departed from the world of fantasy and stepped into a harsh, dystopian creation in ‘The Hunger Games’. ‘The Hunger Games’ is the first novel in a projected trilogy, and introduces readers to a futuristic dystopian society where an overpowering government controls the lives and resources in thirteen different districts including the demolished district thirteen. An idea that interested and made a huge impression on me is the heme and the plot, the idea is completely overwhelming and had stolen the place of my favorite book. Although marketed as adolescent literature, the theme of fighting to the death, and the violence of the events that occur in the arena, all involving children and teenagers, has brought with it controversy and some protest from parents and school groups. On the other hand, the book is popular among teens and adults alike, all who like it for its simple and understanding prose, wry sense of humor, constant suspense and action-packed plotline. The Hunger Games’ was met with mostly positive reviews, with some negative commentary on the simplistic style and lack of thorough complexity that a dystopian future would merit. Its themes of family, friendship, love, and survival are accessible, and Katniss’s strong, pragmatic. And yet Katniss’s vulnerable character adds to the story’s appeal. From all the fantasy and cliche romance novels such as Twilight and Vampire Diaries, it is a good change. Suzanne’s skillful writing had trapped me willingly in her exciting yet treacherous world full of intense adventure and love. I just couldn’t make myself escape from Katniss’s bewildering world. Through Katniss, Suzanne had outlined a story with constant suspense and romance to contrast the bare-knuckle adventure. I love how The Hunger Games is not a novel endlessly revolving around romance in every page, and most of all, the romance is not based on some mythical creature but are realistic, with down-to-earth emotions. The Hunger Games consists of family, responsibilities, friendship, bravery, skills, and devotion with a perfect touch of romance. I adore Suzanne’s imagination to create and structure ‘The Hunger Games’ so exquisitely and always manage to grab our full attention in every flick of the page, always printed with new surprises, always answering beyond our expectations. The descriptive form of words that string together had painted a flawless picture in my head; the environment inside the arena, the scenes of the gruesome battles, the beautiful misen en scene of the meadow, the Capitol’s lavishness but most of all†¦I saw a place where no other books has filled in my satisfaction. In the 454 pages, I am told of the beginning of a breathtaking story, even though it is based on imagination. This is what interested and made an impression on me. Collins is an efficient no-nonsense prose stylist with a pleasantly dry sense of humor. Reading The Hunger Games is as addictive (and as violently simple) as playing one of those shoot-it-if-it-moves videogames in the lobby of the local eightplex; you know its not real, but you keep plugging in quarters anyway violent, jarring speed-rap PART FOUR: Would you recommend? Why? If so to whom? Review: In recent years a great tragedy has befallen the young adult fiction, especially on the girly sides. You’re likely to see more sagas about a young woman whose greatest concern is the romantic possibilities of the mysterious boy in her class than about young woman using their brains and having a life and death adventures. If like me, you’re tired of the handsome boy drama fashion sniping and general blandness of modern heroines. The Hunger Games is just the series you’ve been hoping to find; fresh and exciting, dark and thought provoking with a leading woman worthy of an action figure. Suzanne Collins’ ‘Hunger Games’ trilogy follows sixteen years old Katniss Everdeen; a smart, independent, tough-as-nails teen struggling to keep her family fed in the freezing poverty stricken District twelve, the most ignored province of the Orwellian nation of Panem. After society has collapsed from environmental chaos and a subsequent rebellion, North America has become Panem, a TV-dominated dictatorship run from a city called the Capitol. What’s left of humanity is organized into twelve districts. Kept in poverty by a totalitarian government, the populace is forced to labor to keep The Capitol sumptuous splendor. To make things even more dismal, the yearly highlight in this nightmare world is The Hunger Games, a bloodthirsty reality TV show in which each district is require giving up two if its children, chosen by lottery, and enter them in The Hunger Games. The twenty-four kids are dropped into an enormous, desolate arena strewn with traps and hazards, with heaps of weapons and supplies in the middle. They are forced to fight-and kill-each other for survival which are filmed and broadcast to the entire nation of the event that is part ‘Survivor’ and part gladiatorial contest where the last one alive wins. The only â€Å"unspoken rule† is that you can’t eat the dead contestants. We experience this ordeal through the eyes of Katniss who is a passionate sixteen year old that hates the Capitol and is devoted to her family. Katniss volunteers to take her sister’s place in the Games, whose name was unfortunately drawn in the lottery. While in the arena, Katniss must use all her skills and every ounce of bravery she possesses to survive. Although she is a skilled hunter and sheer death with a bow and arrow, she doesn’t like to kill. But doesn’t want to die either. After a life spent in dismal poverty, Katniss experiences pleasurewarmth, food, pretty clothes—with almost unbearable intensity, and that’s when Collins writing comes alive. Likewise, Collins brings a cold, furious clarity to her accounts of physical violence. But rather being repellent, the violence is strangely hypnotic. As if this plot alone weren’t urgent enough, the second book in the series, Catching Fire, adds an element of political unrest and corruption that makes Katniss’s situation all the more dangerous. The Hunger Games are brilliantly written, adventure-charge book that will keep you awake and glued to their pages long into the night. Collins put in a nice contrast; the Games are brutal, both physically and emotionally, and she makes it clear that no one who survives them is left unmarked by the experience. And yet, her characters are so genuinely human and struggle so hard against the horror of their fate that you can’t help but stay with them. The twists and turns of the plot are always unexpected, and the end will leave you shocked and desperate for the next installment. Despite the ugly premise, Collins manages to infuse just enough girly and romantic support without making it superfluous. Instead of bogging down the charging momentum of the story, they even influence it. One of the more important minor characters is a fashion designer who created outfits that you would die for, but all with a subtle message that deeply affect important events. There’s even a contentious love triangle that puts the Jacob and Edward rivalry to the shame it deserves. Suzanne Collins writes so close to the ground that a reader’s viewpoint becomes inseparable from that of Katniss. So we experience her amazement at the rich food and luxurious surroundings—as well as her fury at the obscene â€Å"entertainment† that brings her to the Capitol. The Hunger Games is a chilling, bloody and thoroughly horrifying book, a killer of the myth of Theseus and Minotaur. But it inspired in readers a kind of zeal I haven’t seen since Twilight. Stephen King and Stephenie Meyer is also a major fan. While readers might be expecting the familiar mix of spunky-yet-sensitive, Collins has crafted a different kind of action heroine. The book is considered suitable for readers twelve or thirteen and up. Collins largely avoids graphic descriptions of violence, but a couple of the player’s deaths are quite emotionally disturbing. And although the story is set in the future, the totalitarian regimes punishment is similar to the medieval times. For example, Katniss is served by servants whose tongue was surgically removed for treason. But â€Å"The Hunger Games† is more than just an action and Sci-Fi novel waiting to be turned into a PG-13 movie. There are a bunch of serious ideas driving the book, from the injustice of a few people living in comfort while the rest of the world is in starvation to the priority placed on the entertainment a society, where many do without necessities. I strongly recommend â€Å"The Hunger Games† to all enthusiastic readers looking for a whole new perspective away from the romance-fantasy genre, replaced by a new phenomenon that stretches beyond your promise. I guarantee that â€Å"The Hunger Games† trilogy is a real piece of work. You will, not like it†¦but love it.

An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essays

An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essays An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essay An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essay Encounters with Mark Rothkos Light red over black (1957) Mark Rothko, Light red over black 1957. In this essay I will explore Light red over black (1957) by Mark Rothko. Although apparently simple, infact shows a wonderfully complex process of thought and throughout this essay I will interpret and get a better understanding of Rothkos intention and meaning. Filled with shades of red, the upper part of the painting comes to create a strong opposition with the black area below it, itself encircled by a darker red. This painting consisting of three floating rectangles in various colour combinations, creates a sombre mood conducive to spiritual contemplation. With the use of Rothkos saturated colours the viewers are moved and as ones eye adjust to the light that the painting emits. The colour field, I feel, embraces the mind, and the palettes warm variety of tones mesmerises. Further analysing this painting, the two darker oblongs appear like two openings in the centre of the painting, creating a sense of freedom. Conveyed in this painting is a sense that the oblongs are two openings in the centre of the picture, as the two darker rectangles are much more prominent in relation to the red tones. When first encountering this piece I questionned perhaps whether these oblongs were openings or whether in fact they were floating on the surface. In many respects it reminded me of of a stained-glass windows, except that there is no pattern or decoration. However, through its title, Light red over black it seemed that perhaps Mark Rothko wanted the red to be more of a protrusive focus. However, with such contrasting colours it is definitely the black and dark blue that strick as the main aspect of this painting for me. On a chronological outlook, the shades from the upper half, the lighter red, move slowly downwards to a much darker colour. This could possibly be perceived as a means of human life, which has been said that Rothko tried to aim for TESHUVA, 2003:45 , the lighter red being an earlier life time ending with the black as the end of it evoking an endless enthrall. It is, in my belief, the energy that comes off this painting is a result of Rothkos spontaneity nd improvising. Like many of Rothkos work, Light red over Black made in 1957 was created on canvas using the material, oils. Rothkos techniques added further importance to the attraction of this piece. Rothko applied paint very thinly with sponges and cloths to avoid leaving any visible brushstrokes. (Auping, Karnes, Thistlewaite, 2002:286) Despite Rothko having the result of a controlled perspective, the edges of the rectangles are indistinct. The edges of the shapes are soft and blurred , and contributes to their ambiguity. It seems that rothko wanted us to think only about colours and the moods they create, not about himself. This concept demonstrates what Rothko aimed at, the aspect of colour-field painting. Light red over black takes the format of a pulsating rectangle with a vertical format, and is large in scale taking the dimensions of 2306 x 1527 x 38 mm. Rothko explained that the shapes in which he painted have no direct association with any particular visible experience, but in them one recognises the principles and passions or organisms. studio-international. co. uk/archive2/causey_1972_183_943a. sp Furthermore, the development of Rothkos work from surrealism to abstract interested me, interlinked with his change in the use of his colours over his artistic lifetime . After 1957, in which this painting was created, Rothkos choice of colours tended to adopt a darker palette using more darker browns and blacks, which can be emphasised in the contrasting colour of red and black in this painting. (Comparision between earlier works to his latter works) When first encountered with this painting, I believed that Rothkos work had moved away from more representational objects and moved more into the form of colour of abstract art. Although Rothkos use of colours, varying in only 2 shades of red, blue and black, they juxtapose together creating a deeper meaning to his paintings and questions the viewer to create their own theories on how to interpret the mood. Jacob Baal-Teshova wrote Rothko always resisted attempts to interpret his paintings. He was mainly concerned with the viewers experience TESHUVA, 2003: 7 , and in contrast to this, the independant wrote, Its too focused on the hit it will give its audience. It simply doesnt have enough world in it to be worthwhile art, enough complication, contingency, resistance, negotiation, argument – and abstract art can have these things as much as any other. THE INDEPENDANT: 2008 I first encountered Rothkos work at the Tate Modern gallery in London in 2008. When first examining his works, including other famous paintings such as Mural for End Wall it struck me as a simplistic style, yet with its luminous rectangles and saturated colour, a sense of mystery was conveyed in a modern era. Moreover, on cream idilic walls, Light red over black automatically illuminated from the walls in deep dark red, blues and blacks which led me to interpret his work as profoundly imbued with an emotional content that he articulated through a range of styles that had evolved from figurative to abstract. Furthermore, when examining this painting up close, the application of what seemed to be very thing layers of paint over each other, allowed the colours to radiate through, creating a sense of drama and light, despite the colours being much darker than others Id seen in the gallery. Suggested towards the latter part of his life, and through his means of depression, I first interpreted his work as a form of expression, which emplyed shimmering colour to convey a sense of spirtuality. However, after research it is perhaps more profound to say that this painting has a sense of depression with connotations of the red and black insinuating death, a mood of sadness, something Rothko was suffering from. HARRISON, 2003:230 The emphasis of his paintings are highlighted of course not only in colours but in its size. When visiting the Tate modern, it was the pure size of these images that drew me in,with a seperate room in which to display Rothkos work. Rothko I believe, intended his paintings to be seen up close so that the viewer could appreciate and be enveloped by the paintings colour aura. The function of such a large painting was perhaps precisely because he wanted to be very intimate and relate it to human life itself and to his audience. The feeling of such an overwhelming large piece of art not only inspired but led ways to interpret why this size had been used. If for example, Rothko had created these pieces on a smaller scale the simplistic outlook on them, I feel would have been lost. What struck me most about Light red over black was the difference in his early works. Rothko was known for his use of expressionist landscapes, genre scenes, and still lifes. However, it was soon emphasised that artists could not longer merely copy photos or images to due the ever expanding artistic changes. Redundant, Rothko, and many other artists discussed conceptual changes and with this promoted the idea of using colour as a means to establish a relationship between the artist and the viewers. This influence, occuring early in the 1950s, led artists like Rothko to begin painting an entire canvas one colour. Moreover, the influence of World War II led many European artists to emigrate to the United States, including those associated with the surrealist movement. Sharma, 2006:35 They were a major influence on Rothko who began to attempt to apply theories on the collective unconscious to his work, and he started to orient his art toward a more abstract style and bring his colours to darker tones. In my opinion it was the events occuring in World War II that evidently influenced abstract art and artists to experiment with exploring the connection between forms and colours. While the population visually saw colours simply on a canvas it was Rothkos eternal interest in the human figure, character and emotions which led him to express himself indivually. Rothko believed, â€Å"The most interesting painting is one that expresses more of what one thinks than of what one sees. (Breslin, 1993:261)

Biography of Sir Isaac Newton, Influential Scientist

Biography of Sir Isaac Newton, Influential Scientist Sir Isaac Newton (Jan. 4, 1643–March 31, 1727) was a superstar of physics, math, and astronomy even in his own time. He occupied the chair of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge in England, the same role later filled, centuries later, by Stephen Hawking. Newton conceived of several laws of motion, influential mathematical principals which, to this day, scientists use to explain how the universe works. Fast Facts: Sir Isaac Newton Known For: Developed laws that explain how the universe worksBorn: Jan. 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, EnglandParents: Isaac Newton, Hannah AyscoughDied: March 20, 1727 in Middlesex, EnglandEducation: Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1665)Published Works: De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas (1669, published 1711), Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Opticks (1704)Awards and Honors: Fellowship of the Royal Society  (1672), Knight Bachelor (1705)Notable Quote: If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants. Early Years and Influences Newton was born in 1642 in a manor house in Lincolnshire, England. His father had died two months before his birth. When Newton was 3 his mother remarried and he remained with his grandmother. He was not interested in the family farm, so he was sent to Cambridge University to study. Newton was born just a short time after the death of  Galileo, one of the greatest scientists of all time. Galileo had proved that the planets revolve around the sun, not the earth as people thought at the time. Newton was very interested in the discoveries of Galileo and others. Newton thought the universe worked like a machine and that a few simple laws governed it. Like Galileo, he realized that mathematics was the way to explain and prove those laws. Laws of Motion Newton formulated laws of motion and gravitation. These laws are math formulas that explain how objects move when a force acts on them. Newton published his most famous book, Principia, in 1687 while he was a mathematics professor at Trinity College in Cambridge. In Principia, Newton explained three basic laws that govern the way objects move. He also described his theory of gravity, the force that causes things to fall down. Newton then used his laws to show that the planets revolve around the suns in orbits that are oval, not round. The three laws are often called Newton’s Laws. The first law states that an object that is not being pushed or pulled by some force will stay still or will keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed. For example, if someone is riding a bike and jumps off before the bike is stopped, what happens? The bike continues on until it falls over. The tendency of an object to remain still or keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed is called inertia. The second law explains how a force acts on an object. An object accelerates in the direction the force is moving it. If someone gets on a bike and pushes the pedals forward, the bike will begin to move. If someone gives the bike a push from behind, the bike will speed up. If the rider pushes back on the pedals, the bike will slow down. If the rider turns the handlebars, the bike will change direction. The third law states that if an object is pushed or pulled, it will push or pull equally in the opposite direction. If someone lifts a heavy box, they use force to push it up. The box is heavy because it is producing an equal force downward on the lifter’s arms. The weight is transferred through the lifter’s legs to the floor. The floor also presses upward with an equal force. If the floor pushed back with less force, the person lifting the box would fall through the floor. If it pushed back with more force, the lifter would fly up in the air. Importance of Gravity When most people think of Newton, they think of him sitting under an apple tree observing an apple fall to the ground. When he saw the apple fall, Newton began to think about a specific kind of motion called gravity. Newton understood that gravity was a force of attraction between two objects. He also understood that an object with more matter or mass exerted the greater force or pulled smaller objects toward it. That meant that the large mass of the Earth pulled objects toward it. That is why the apple fell down instead of up and why people don’t float in the air. He also thought that maybe gravity was not just limited to the Earth and the objects on the earth. What if gravity extended to the Moon and beyond? Newton calculated the force needed to keep the Moon moving around the earth. Then he compared it with the force that made the apple fall downward. After allowing for the fact that the Moon is much farther from the Earth and has a much greater mass, he discovered that the forces were the same and that the Moon is also held in orbit around Earth by the pull of earth’s gravity. Disputes in Later Years and Death Newton moved to London in 1696 to accept the position of warden of the Royal Mint. For many years afterward, he argued with Robert Hooke over who had actually discovered the connection between elliptical orbits and the inverse square law, a dispute that ended only with Hookes death in 1703. In 1705, Queen Anne bestowed a knighthood upon Newton, and thereafter he was known as Sir Isaac Newton. He continued his work, particularly in mathematics. This led to another dispute in 1709, this time with German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz. They both quarreled over which of them had invented calculus. One reason for Newtons disputes with other scientists was his overwhelming fear of criticism, which led him to write, but then postpone publication of, his brilliant articles until after another scientist created similar work. Besides his earlier writings, De  Analysi (which didnt see publication until 1711) and Principia (published in 1687), Newtons publications included Optics (published in 1704), The Universal Arithmetic (published in 1707), the Lectiones Opticae (published in 1729), the Method of Fluxions (published in 1736), and the Geometrica Analytica (printed in 1779). On March 20, 1727, Newton died near London. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to receive this honor.   Legacy Newton’s calculations changed the way people understood the universe. Prior to Newton, no one had been able to explain why the planets stayed in their orbits. What held them in place? People had thought that the planets were held in place by an invisible shield. Newton proved that they were held in place by the sun’s gravity and that the force of gravity was affected by distance and mass. While he was not the first person to understand that the orbit of a planet was elongated like an oval, he was the first to explain how it worked. Sources â€Å"Isaac Newtons Life.†Ã‚  Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences.â€Å"Isaac Newton Quotes.†Ã‚  BrainyQuote, Xplore.â€Å"Sir Isaac Newton.†Ã‚  StarChild, NASA.

Leadership theory and practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership theory and practice - Essay Example The essay also seeks to discuss and evaluate the leadership exercised by Anna Bligh during the 2011 flood crisis in Queensland. The analysis will also seek to explore how leadership theories are related to theoretical concepts in the study of motivation, communication and attitudes, and how Anna Bligh’s leadership style has incorporated these aspects. As a point of departure, it is imperative to begin by defining the term leadership in order to gain a clear understanding of the whole concept. Basically, leadership is defined as the social process of influencing people to work voluntarily and persistently towards the attainment of the group or organisational goal (Kuper, 2006). Of notable concern is that leadership may not be restricted to formal position since any person can influence the others towards the achievement of certain goals. The concept of leadership mainly draws from trait and behavioral theories. Trait theories suggest that leaders are born. However, this theory has been challenged by different critics given that any person can be a leader if given the opportunity since leadership is mainly concerned with influencing the behaviour of others. As such, the aspect of behaviour plays a pivotal role in as much as leadership is concerned where there is need for the leaders to appeal to the people to behave in a certain way for the benefit of the group or organisation. The contemporary approach to leadership proposes a principle centered rather than personality based leadership (Schultz, 2003). The leader serves as a role model to his or her followers and encourages similar values in them. As such, leadership research has changed focus from trait to behaviour approach to leadership. Behavioral theories posit to the effect that there are certain behaviours that are supposed to be displayed by the leaders in order for them to be effective in influencing other members of the group towards the attainment of a common goal. Highly influential studies of leadership were conducted at Ohio State University and the University of Michigan. Recent studies in leadership are attributed to the findings of these studies. Thus, the following section of the essay is going to focus on discussing the similarities and differences between these two studies on behavioral leadership and how contingency theories of leadership have developed from these studies. The research that was conducted at Ohio State University sought to identify independent dimensions of leader behaviour. The two dimensions they came up with are called initiating structure and consideration (Robbins, 2003). Initiating structure refers to the extent to which the leader is likely to define the structure of his or her role and those of the employees in search for goal attainment. This is also concerned with behaviour that attempts to organize work and work relationships and the leader is mainly concerned with assigning tasks and ensuring that workers maintain standards of perform ance towards the achievement of organisational goals. The other dimension is consideration which is described as the extent to which the person is likely to have work relations that are characterized by mutual trust, respect of employees’ ideas and feelings. In other words, the leader shows concern for the well being of the employees where their grievances are taken into consideration as a way of

The Holocaust Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Holocaust - Research Paper Example The state of Germany led by Adolf Hitler killed six million individual from the Jews community between1933 to 1945. Since the Holocaust years, it is 50 years down the line but relevant questions are still being asked by not only the Jews community but also the international communities across the globe. â€Å"How could a modern state carry out the planned murder of a whole people just because they were Jews?† (Rossel, 12). It is also a perturbing issue since the whole world watched, as six million innocent souls were murdered in cold blood. In addition, it is even hard to find an individual who can give an explanation of what really happened? In spite of having the survivors of the holocaust, by then they were children. Giving an ear to them to explain is like history in pieces. But as time goes by historians give clear description of the Holocaust. It is indeed strange to hear politicians and professors reports claiming that there is nothing like years of Holocaust. On the ot her hand, the social scientist can claim that sacrifice by blood is ridiculers’ thing, since it impossible to encounter a group of individuals who can do such an act in such a long period. Furthermore, the politicians may claim that Holocaust story was told by the Jews community, as a plot or for evil reasons. ... Weiss describes that the writing of Luther as â€Å"more obscene than even Hitler’s Mein Kampf† A unique brand of the fascisms in Germany was as a result of the waiving out of the nationalism which was peculiar as it was introduced in Germany that came with the revolutions, capitalism with enlighten and the 20th Century war that were fused together. In addition, it is still moot to explain the extent at which the Holocaust covered, but studies that have been done locally show that the Germaine’s were attracted to the anti-Semitism since they were drawn to be part of the Nazism but not the anti-Nazism. It is therefore obvious that the anti-Semitists power was in the Holocaust. However, the anti-Semitists in Germany resulted to different situations as well as having unique outcome compared to the anti-Semitist in other countries with the same characteristics, Christianity was at bay. Between years 1933 to 1945 there was a concentration camp since the beginning, the y were founded with an aim of holding political prisoners and they were later used to hold the â€Å"asocial†. However, there were high death rates that were recorded with 50 percent rate of the mortality rate which were not meant to be or be centers of killings. While 1942 was approaching Germany had 6 extermination camps and they were large in size. There was a difference in the concentration camps since individuals who were sent in the 6 camps were killed. The camps continuously became a site where the Jews and the POWs were brought to their death dates. A part from being killed they were forced to be slaves, laborers, torture and were as well undernourished. In addition, German went ahead and established 15,000 more camps in countries where they had occupied such as

Us History World War II Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Us History World War II Research Paper Essay Technology played a key role in determining the outcome of World War II. The high military demand for more advanced technology acted as a catalyst for the development of technology in the interwar years of the 1920’s and 1930’s. Scientists and Engineers alike poured massive amounts of research and development time into supporting the war effort, and more advanced technology was developed at an alarmingly rapid rate. One notable fact about technology in World War II is that World War II is the first war in which many military attacks were designed specifically to sabotage the research efforts of the enemies. In the bombing of Peenemunde, the Eighth Air Force executed a bombing run to destroy hydrogen peroxide that was being used to fuel the V-2 Rocket. Another example is the Norwegian heavy water sabotage in which a group of Norwegian soldiers destroyed a heavy water plant to inhibit the Nazi development of nuclear weapons (heavy water or, deuterium oxide, can be used to produce nuclear weapons). Yet another example is when Niels Bohr, a brilliant Danish physicist who understood and even contributed to the discovery of atomic structure, was evacuated from German-controlled Denmark and brought to Britain in 1943. The allies made all of these efforts to deter Nazi Germany from further developing much-needed technology, and this shows just how important technology and the research of technology was during the War. Almost every type of technology was utilized in the war, but the most notable technological advances involved five main categories: Weaponry, Industry, Medicine, Communication, and Transportation. More advanced weaponry came in the form of magnetic detonating torpedos, â€Å"Tank destroyer† missile rounds, jet fighters, jet bombers, V1 autopilot bombs, proximity fuzes for shells and rockets, HEAT anti-tank warheads, aiming utilities for guns, and napalm. [1] Plastic explosion devices such as C2 were also developed in this time. Still more weapon developments came in the form of industrial advances. Many car factories significantly lowered the number of cars being manufactured and focused instead on the creation of guns, tanks, jets, and ammunition in order to better support the war effort. The stamping, riveting, and welding of guns were all new techniques that came into use during World War II and revolutionized the creation of guns. Design and production methods had advanced enough to manufacture weapons of reasonable reliability such as the PPSh-41, PPS-42, Sten, MP 40, M3 Grease Gun, Gewehr 43, Thompson, and the M1 Garand rifle. World War II also marked the dawn of the semi-automatic rifle, and more importantly, the dawn of the assault rifle. These new rifles were much more accurate than other firearms of their time, and proved especially lethal. Although modern day military forces don’t use the same weapons as they did in World War II, they do still use variations of the assault rifle. The idea of the assault rifle developed in World War II has stood the test of time, as assault rifles are still the most effective form of infantry weaponry due to their balanced weight, firepower, accuracy, and stopping power. In terms of advances in transportation, aircrafts, vehicles, and ships were all tremendously improved. This category of technology was one of the most important factors in determining the outcome of the war. The Jeep was invented in World War II. It was used firstly and primarily as a basic troop transport vehicle, although after the war it became popular as a public transportation vehicle too. Tanks were also created not only as a source of extreme firepower, but also as armored transports. By the end of the war, the allies had developed their own personal brand of tank that transported troops through areas under heavy fire with the protection of tank armor. These transportation vehicles were integral to the success of the allies in World War II, because without the ability to move troops from point to point, attacks would be weak and disorganized. Another noteworthy development pertaining to ground vehicles is the development of synthetic rubber. Previously, all rubber products had been made of natural rubber which was harvested in the south Pacific. During World War II, Japan cut off the U. S. from this supply of rubber which forced the U. S. to develop synthetic rubber. This turned out to be a cheaper and more practical alternative. Synthetic rubber was and still is used in the wheels of cars, as well as many other vehicles. This is just one of many lasting effects World War II has had on the US. Ships were also revolutionized during the World War II era. Naval technology was very poor at the time, but once radar technology was developed, navigation and detection was made much easier for submarine and ship pilots. The invention of radar was still very new — being developed only 2 years prior to the start of World War II. Hours of experimentation and development were poured into enhancing radar technology so that the allied forces could better combat the Nazi fleet. Aircrafts were also made more advanced during World War II. Aviation in general was very new at the time, so optimizing what basic aircrafts we had at the time for battle (by equipping them with guns and bombs) was a challenging feat. Considering the first powered flight had taken place only in 1903, only 40 years before World War II, both the axis and allied air force engineers had their work cut out for them. Biplanes were the most common planes leading up to the war, and engineers improved them to become stronger, more efficient, and faster. Fighters were developed first, and ran off of a single engine. They were generally outfitted with a front machine gun and supported one or two pilots. Fighter jets were not developed until the end of the war, and saw little use on the battlefield because of this. Another type of aircraft developed during World War II was the Bomber. These enormous planes were flown deep into enemy territory where they released bombs to wreak havoc on the enemy below. Bombers often targeted key structures and production facilities to cripple the output of the enemy forces. Even more technological advances were made in the field of communication. The invention of the transistor forever changed the way electronics such as computers and radios worked. Transistors amplify and switch electronic signals. This enabled electronic devices to be manufactured much smaller than before while still being just as (if not more) powerful. Computers that once took up entire rooms could now fit on a desk. Radios that previously lined a whole wall could now be carried by hand. This revolutionized electronic communication, and made for orders to be given and received quickly on the battlefield. Almost all modern day technology utilizes transistors. This is yet another example of how the technological advances made in World War II have trickled down to present day. Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the worlds first programmable computers (Z3, Colossus, and ENIAC), guided missiles, the Manhattan Projects development of nuclear weapons, and the development of artificial harbors and oil pipelines under the English Channel. The furthering of computer technology is by far the most pivotal, though. Computers have developed even further than radios and televisions. Word processing programs used in the present today have completely trivialized type writers, and the internal processors and software code allows for extremely complex mathematical algorithms to be solved at the touch of a button. However, word processing and mathematics are not the only uses for the computer in the modern day world. Computers are also used for entertainment through video games and online streams, education through online college programs and educational websites, mail through the invention of email, business transactions through the integration of the computer with the cash register, and the free transfer of ideas and news through the Internet. The idea of the computer, though conceived before World War II, blossomed and thrived in the technological boom that was provided by World War II research. Without the research and development performed during World War II, the computer would not be where it is today. These revolutionary advances in communication were not only utilized by the military, but also by the media. Although televisions and radios existed before World War II, they became much more important to the public during the war. News of what was happening on the war front could be conveyed quickly and efficiently throughout the nation. Gone were the days of delivering information via letters and horseback — news spread like wildfire through the use of media. For medical science, World War II was a spur to rapid advances. Newly discovered antibiotics such as penicillin, sulfonamide, and other drugs were rapidly made available for research, manufacture, and distribution. This was all made possible by the Government’s funding and support in coordination with war-time efforts to reduce the number of casualties on the battlefield. These drugs were extremely useful on the front, and saved countless lives of the wounded and the sick. Soldiers who may have previously died of bacterial infection were instead cured on the spot. The war also showed just how effective the use of psychiatry was on the battlefield. Men who fought on the front lines and experience some of the more gruesome and cruel elements of war were sent to war-time psychiatrists and could often return to the battlefield without going insane. This psychiatry provided before and after battles also greatly reduced the number of post traumatic stress disorder victims there were as a result of World War II. Another revolutionary technique, the extraction and storing of blood and blood plasma resulted in the saving of lives. Downed soldiers who lost fatal amounts of blood were be saved via blood transfusions. This was important, as many soldiers were often shot in non-fatal areas but died because of blood loss. However, with the option to transfuse blood into gunshot victims, many lives were saved. This was a pivotal moment for medics on the battlefield, as fewer soldiers died by bleeding out. Many of these discoveries in blood transfusion were later adapted for peacetime usage. Blood transfusions are used every day at hospitals across the country in order to save lives, and the technology developed in World War II has only developed even further since then. Blood can now be screened for viruses such as HIV/AIDS to ensure the recipient of the transfusions will not be infected. Blood donation is very common at places of employment and sometimes even schools. There is even a blood drive every year at De La Salle! However medicine and blood transfusions were not the only medical improvements made in World War II. Medical education in the United States accelerated during the war years. The training of wartime doctors consisted of three intense years of twelve months each instead of the usual four years of nine months each. U. S. medical schools geared up to produce physicians needed for the war effort more quickly. This ensured that there would never be a shortage of medics on the battlefield so that casualties could be minimized. Many different forms of technology were developed during World War II, and almost all of them contributed in one way or another to the war. Whether it was new forms of transportation being discovered, new medicines being researched, new methods of communication being utilized, new weapons being manufactured, or new production methods in factories being used to revolutionize industry, every form of technology developed during the war has influenced society in some way today.

Alien And Sedition Acts :: essays research papers

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1798, when Congress passed both the Alien and Sedition Acts, it was very much constitutional. These acts were definitely in the best interest of America. America was a significantly young nation, at the time, and could not afford to create problems caused by foreigners coming to America. They did not have enough national power to sustain order if everyone was attacking the newly created laws, and many of those rebels being citizens from foreign countries, nevertheless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These acts were, of no questions asked, surly constitutional. The Federalist Party presented these acts, later consequently passed by Congress, because they were and fair and just laws in accordance to the nation at that time. For the sake of argument, the nation and government was very inexperienced, and did not know what to expect in their near future. John Adams became the second president of the United States of America, subsequently, having to accept many challenges and responsibilities to fulfill the job in office. He had the task of making sure that the newly founded nation kept running smooth. That is a big burden if there are activities going on in the country that one has no control, nor knowledge of (i.e. foreigners coming into the nation and starting trouble by disrupting the form of government, or having radicals trying to protest and perturb the running government in office-Federalists, at this time). John Adams was smart enough to realize the signif icance of these factors. Thus, taking his duty of President of USA seriously, he, along with the Federalist-controlled Congress, took action to protect the new country. Hence, were the creation and passing of the four, debate-causing laws (Naturalization, Alien, Alien Enemies, and Sedition Acts).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These all made sense to be in effect for the time and date because many of the immigrants coming to the USA were Irish exiles (for plotting against British rule), British radicals, and French people (wanting to rebel against Adams). On these grounds, and many more, President Adams and the Federalist-controlled Congress had reason to believe that they had to protect their country from stirring troubles. In view of that, the government was permitted to the authority of deporting or imprisoning any foreigner that he saw fit. This is a very sensible power that the president ought to have had back then, given the particular situation. They also were entitled to enforce such laws to protect against from just any, unintelligent foreigners from intruding in their country to vote and such for legally binding decisions of the nation.

NASW Code of Ethics Essay

However, the same section of the Code also suggests that social workers are entitled to limit the â€Å"right of clients to self-determination† if and only if the â€Å"clients’ actions or potential actions pose a serious, foreseeable, and imminent risk† to either the patient themselves or to others including their relatives. These things being the case, it goes to show that the attending physician, with the consent of his superiors, may refuse the request of the patient or the relatives of the patient to cut-off his life-support system. It is this case which shows how the obligation of the social worker can override the right of the patient to self-determination. The result is an ethical dilemma where the attending physician is forced to make a decision; no middle-ground option is available. Section 1. 06 provides the immediate action that should be taken should the need arise. The section states that social workers ought to â€Å"inform clients when a real or potential conflict of interest arises† (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). Thus, the first thing that the attending physician should do is to inform the patient or—if the patient is in a physical state where he is unable to make decisions on his own or comprehend the situation—the relatives of the patient about the conflict. In doing so, the attending physician is able to preempt confusion on the part of the patient or the relatives of the patient. Doing so also reinforces the idea that â€Å"a major stakeholder in business must be the communities of which corporations and other organizations are a part† (Ethics and the Organization, p. 215), part of which are the clients or patients of the social workers. Lastly, informing the patients or his relatives about the conflict of interest can help the patient or his relatives reconsider the decision. The same section also provides that reasonable steps should be taken, steps that treat the clients’ interests as primary and â€Å"protect clients’ interests to the greatest extent possible† (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). The situation under inquiry indicates that the primary interest of the client or his relatives is to cease his life-support system. This being the case, the prerogative for the attending physician is to uphold the interest of the client which is cease the patient’s life-support system regardless of whether or not the attending physician the decision reflects his personal position. The physician’s immediate superior similarly cannot override the decision of the client since the interest of the client still overrides the decisions of the superiors. In the case, there are two reasons behind the decision of the clients to cease the life-support system of the patient. One is that the patient is terminally-ill and two is that the patient’s family can barely afford the fees required to continue the provision of the life-support system. In Section 1. 13 of the NASW Code of Ethics, it is stated that â€Å"social workers should ensure that the fees are fair, reasonable, and commensurate with the services performed† (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). If the clients cannot afford the facilities and services provided by the health organization where the attending physician is working for despite being fair, reasonable and commensurate with the services provided, there is little reason to deny the request of the clients. It is important to note that the health organization also has its own shareholders; it is similarly unethical to not consider the financial interest of the health organization if the clients themselves are already requesting for the cessation of the life-support system of the patient. The fact that the patient is already suffering from a terminal illness is a guarantee that the health condition of the patient is beyond cure. As far as the NASW Code of Ethics is concerned, it is safe to assume that it is ethical for the attending physician to grant the request of the client to cease the life-support system. But in doing so, it is imperative to let the client sign a waiver which will make certain that the clients are fully aware of the consequences of their decision and of the options that they have. The case may stand as a precedent for future cases with similar nature together with the provisions in the NASW Code of Ethics. The decision to execute the request of the clients is also consistent with the core values emphasized in the Code, specifically the values of competence and integrity. Fully discussing with the clients the consequences of their decision and the circumstances of the case shows the capacity of the social worker to remain professional and to avoid becoming too much engaged in the personal affairs of the clients. It also shows the integrity of the social worker in keeping in mind his limitations and his obligations to his clients. In the event where the client raises a complaint after the execution of their decision, a selected panel will head the investigation of the case. The panel will use the NASW Code of Ethics together with the facts as the bases for deciding the case. The system of inquiry discussed herein focuses on the context of social workers dealing with ethical dilemmas involving the interests of the clients and the obligation of the social workers to uphold the welfare of their clients. The NASW Code of Ethics is a critical part in the system of inquiry because it lays down the vital functions of social workers and the extent upon which they can perform their duties. As far as the organization is concerned, the Code provides the benefit of having an accepted guideline to base their decisions and actions while considering the interests of their clients. The Code also makes the decision-making process of the organization more efficient with minimal hindrances on resolving conflicts of interests. More importantly, the Code allows for the consistency in the decisions and actions of the individual members and agencies under the NASW when dealing with problems that involve the interests of their clients and the duties of social workers. References Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Retrieved April 18, 2009, from http://www. socialworkers. org/pubs/code/code. asp Ethics and the Organization. In Managing Business Ethics. Ethics as Organizational Culture. In Managing Business Ethics.

Essay on Merchant of Venice

Essay on Merchant of Venice Among all the Shakespeare’s plays there is hardly any that have created so much controversy as it was with the â€Å"Merchant of Venice†. Shakespeare is famous for his ability to create complex, multilayer characters that cannot be adequately described in terms of simple black and white. Even the worst villains have traits that make it possible to understand them, if not sympathize with them or forgive them. â€Å"Merchant of Venice†, however, introduces the image that is ambiguous and is understood so differently that Shakespeare himself would have possibly been amazed at the passion with which different parties try to prove their points. We speak, of course, about Shylock. Shylock, a wealthy Jewish moneylender, is most commonly described as a villain in the play, the person who stands in the way of love, who wants to murder Antonio through treachery, evil and abhorrent, though defeated in the end. But is it so and, more important, did Shakespeare intend him to be so? Throughout the most of the play’s history â€Å"Merchant of Venice† served as a kind of manifesto of anti-semitism, the image of Shylock, as described above, becoming a usual caricature of a Jewish nation. However, there is another opinion, stating that the play is set on satirizing the hate for Jews prevalent in the English society of that time. Shylock is not only avaricious and evil, he is also a loving father and, most strikingly for a book of that time, a human being, maybe to a much greater extent, than any of his adversaries. He is given by Shakespeare one of the most powerful monologues throughout his creative work, stating that a Jew is a human, just like any other man, and isn’t to be despised for the sheer fact of his background. The trial of Shylock is a caricature of justice: Portia acts like a judge, while she has no right to do so. She offers inadequate evidence, which is gratefully accepted, condemning Shylock. So, the actual opinion of Shakespeare himself remains a mystery.